Retarding field analyzers can be installed in drift regions, dipoles, quadrupoles, and wiggler magnets.
2.
Retarding field analyzers are local grids in the chamber wall that allow some of the cloud to escape.
3.
The diffraction spots are generated by acceleration of elastically scattered electrons onto a hemispherical fluorescent screen, a retarding field analyzer.
4.
A limitation is that retarding field analyzers measure only local cloud, and because they measure current, there is inherently some time averaging involved.
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